that he submerge in water, for fear that it might enter his ears. If it enters his ears and reaches his brain from the permissible ghusl (full bath), without extravagance or intent, then there is nothing upon him, just as if it were to enter his throat from rinsing the mouth during wudu' (38). But if he dives in the water, or is extravagant, or does so in vain, then the ruling on it is the ruling of that which enters the throat from exaggeration in rinsing the mouth and sniffing water, and from exceeding three times. And Allah knows best.

Section: Ishaq ibn Mansur said: I said to Ahmad: "Does the fasting person chew gum?" He said: "No." Our companions said: There are two types of gum. The first is that from which particles dissolve, which is the inferior type that dissolves when chewed; it is not permissible to chew it [unless he does not swallow his saliva] (39). If he does so, and something from it descends (40) into his throat, he breaks his fast by it, just as if he had intentionally eaten it. The second is strong gum, which becomes firmer and stronger the more he chews it; it is disliked to chew this, but it is not prohibited. Among those who disliked it were al-Sha'bi, al-Nakha'i, Muhammad ibn Ali, Qatada, al-Shafi'i, Ishaq (41), and the People of Opinion (Ashab al-Ra'y). This is because it induces saliva, collects it, and causes thirst. Aisha granted a concession for chewing it. 'Ata' also held this view, because nothing [of it] (42) reaches the interior (jawf); it is like a pebble he places (43) in his mouth. Whenever he chews it and does not find its taste in his throat, he does not break his fast. If he finds its taste in his throat, there are two views: One is that it breaks his fast, like kohl if he finds its taste in his throat. The second is that it does not break his fast, because nothing has descended from it, and the mere taste does not break the fast, as evidenced by what has been said: that he who smears the inside of his foot with colocynth (hanzal) finds its taste, yet he does not break his fast. This is unlike kohl, for its particles reach the throat and are observed when one expectorates.