flour, a fly (60) entering his throat, or water being sprayed upon him and entering his ears, nose, or throat, or being submerged in water so it reaches his interior, or water from rinsing the mouth preceding into his throat, or something poured into his throat or nose forcibly, or his head wound or abdominal wound being treated without his choice, or being cupped against his will, or a woman kissing him without his choice and he ejaculates, or what resembles this, his fast is not invalidated; we know of no disagreement regarding this; because he has no action [of his own], so he does not break his fast, like a wet dream. But if he is coerced into any of that by a threat and he performs it, Ibn ‘Aqil said: Our companions said: He does not break his fast by it either; because of the statement of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): "My nation is pardoned for error, forgetfulness, and what they are coerced into." He said: And it is possible in my view that he does break it; because he performed the invalidating act to repel harm from himself, so he resembles the sick person who breaks his fast to repel illness, and one who drinks to repel thirst, and he differs from the coerced; because he has exited through that from the realm of action, and therefore it is not attributed to him, and that is why they differ in the case if one is coerced into killing a human being and is thrown upon him.

Seventh Section: Whenever he breaks his fast by any of these things, he is obligated to make it up (qada'), and we know of no disagreement regarding this; because the fast was established as a liability, so it is not discharged except by performing it, and he did not perform it, so it remains as it was; and there is no expiation (kaffarah) for anything we have mentioned, according to the manifest view of the school. This is the view of Sa‘id ibn Jubayr, al-Nakha‘i, Ibn Sirin, Hammad, and al-Shafi‘i. It is reported from Ahmad that expiation is obligatory upon one who ejaculates through touching, kissing, or repeating the gaze; because it is an ejaculation resulting from physical contact, resembling ejaculation through intercourse. There is also a report from him regarding the one being cupped: if he is aware of the prohibition, expiation is upon him. ‘Ata’ said regarding the one being cupped: Expiation is upon him. Malik said: Expiation is mandatory for everything that violates the fast, except for apostasy; because it is breaking the fast in Ramadan, resembling intercourse. [It is narrated from ‘Ata’, al-Hasan, al-Zuhri, al-Thawri, al-Awza‘i, and Ishaq (61) that breaking the fast by eating and drinking necessitates what intercourse necessitates] (62). And this was also said by