the pigeon, a sheep is due. This includes the laughing dove (fawakhit), wood pigeon (warashin), the species called shafanin, the turtle dove (qumri), the dusky dove (dubsi), and the sandgrouse (qata), because each one of these is called 'pigeon' by the Arabs. It has been narrated from al-Kisa'i that he said: 'Every bird with a ring around its neck is a pigeon.' Based on this opinion, the partridge (hajal) is a pigeon because it has a ring around its neck.
Section: As for what is larger than the pigeon, such as the houbara bustard, the crane, the stone curlew (karawan), the partridge, the goose, and large waterfowl, there are two opinions. One of them is that a sheep is due, because it is narrated from Ibn Abbas, Jabir, and Ata that they said: 'For the partridge, the sandgrouse, and the houbara bustard, a sheep is due for each.' Ata added: 'For the crane, the stone curlew, the young water bird, the guinea fowl, and the kharab, a sheep is due for each.' The kharab is the chick of the houbara. This is also because making a sheep obligatory for the pigeon is an indication for making it obligatory for that which is larger than it. The second opinion is that its value is due, and this is the school of al-Shafi'i, because analogy requires its obligation in all birds; we abandoned this in the case of the pigeon due to the consensus of the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, so in other cases, one returns to the original principle.
(11) In A, B, and M: "al-saqayyin". (12) Fawakhit: plural of fakhita, which are birds with neck rings, and it is claimed that snakes flee from their sound. Warashin: plural of warashan, the male turtle dove, described as being affectionate toward its young. Shafanin: plural of shafanin, which is what the common people call the dove. Qumri: its kunya is Abu Dhikra, a bird with a beautiful voice; the female is qumriyya, with the plural being qumari and qumar. Dubsi: a small bird, with a dusky color between black and red, and it is said to be the male dove. Qata: plural of qatah, named so due to the heaviness of its gait. (13) Omitted from the original. (14) Hubara: a long-necked bird, gray in color, shaped like a goose, with length in its beak. Kurki: a large, dusty-colored bird with a long neck and legs, a docked tail, little meat, and it sometimes dwells near water. Hajal: a bird about the size of a pigeon, with a red beak and legs, called the 'chicken of the wilderness'. (15) In A, B, and M: "al-harb". (16) In A, B, and M: "li-anna".
