name a measure, then there is no harm in him sharing in it and selling what he wishes, unless there is a measurement between them, in which case he may not assign it until it is measured for him. Malik said something similar, as he stated: What is sold of food (5) by measuring or weighing cannot be sold before (6) taking possession of it, while that which is sold by bulk (mujazafah), or things other than food that are sold by measuring or weighing, may be sold before taking possession. The rationale for this is what al-Awza’i narrated from al-Zuhri, from Hamzah ibn Abdullah ibn Umar, that he heard Abdullah ibn Umar say: The Sunnah has passed that whatever the transaction encompasses while it is alive and gathered, it is from the buyer's wealth. Al-Bukhari (7) reported it from Ibn Umar as his own statement, suspended (ta’liq). The Companion's statement "The Sunnah has passed" implies the Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him). Furthermore, the specific sold item does not involve [the right of full delivery] (8), so it is from the buyer's wealth, like things that are not measured or weighed. It has been transmitted from Ahmad that food may not be sold before taking possession, whether it is measured, weighed, or otherwise. This implies that food, in particular, does not enter the buyer's liability until he takes possession of it; for al-Tirmidhi narrated from Ahmad that he granted a concession for the sale of things that are not measured or weighed—from among things that are not eaten or drunk—before taking possession. Al-Athram said: I asked Abu Abdullah about his statement: "He forbade the profit on what is not guaranteed (9)." He said: This is regarding food and similar items that are eaten or drunk; one should not sell them until he takes possession of them. Ibn Abd al-Barr said: The more correct view from Ahmad ibn Hanbal is that what is forbidden to be sold [before taking possession] (10) is food; this is because the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade the sale of food before taking possession of it (11). Thus, its implication
(5) In the original: "ta’am" (food). (6) In (M): "‘ala" (upon). (7) This is the one that preceded. (8) In the original: "hatta tawfiyatihi" (until he fulfills it). (9) Reported by Ibn Majah, in: Chapter on the prohibition of selling what you do not possess and the profit on what is not guaranteed, from the Book of Trade. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/738. (10) Omitted from the original. (11) Reported by al-Bukhari, in: What is mentioned regarding the sale of food and hoarding, and Chapter on selling food before it is taken into possession..., from the Book of Sales. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/89, 90. And Muslim, in: Chapter on the invalidity of selling what is sold before taking possession, from the Book of Sales. Sahih Muslim 3/1160.
يُسَمِّ كَيْلًا، فلا بَأْسَ أن يُشْرِكَ فيها، ويَبِيعَ ما شاءَ، إلَّا أن يكونَ بينهما كَيْلٌ، فلا يُوَلِّى حتَّى يُكالَ عليه. ونحوَ هذا قال مالِكٌ، فإنَّه قال: ما بيعَ من الطَّعامِ (٥) مُكايَلَةً، أو مُوازَنَةً، لم يَجُزْ بَيْعُه قبلَ (٦) قَبْضِه، وما بِيعَ مُجازَفَةً، أو بيعَ من غيرِ الطَّعامِ مُكايَلَةً، أو مُوازَنَةً، جَازَ بَيْعُه قبل قَبْضِه. ووجه ذلك، ما رَوَى الأَوْزاعِيُّ، عن الزُّهْرِيِّ، عن حَمْزَةَ بن عبدِ اللهِ بن عمرَ، أَنَّه سَمِعَ عبدَ اللهِ بنَ عمرَ يقول: مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ أنَّ ما أدْرَكَتْهُ الصَّفْقَةُ حَيًّا مَجْمُوعًا، فهو من مالِ المُبْتَاعِ. رَواهُ البخارىُّ (٧)، عن ابنِ عمرَ من قولِه تَعْليقًا. وقولُ الصَّحَابِيِّ مَضَتِ السُّنَّةُ. يقتضى سُنَّةَ النَّبِيِّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-. ولأنَّ المَبيعَ المُعَيَّنَ لا يَتَعَلَّقُ به [حَقُّ تَوْفِيَتِه] (٨)، فكان من مالِ المُشْتَرِى، كغيرِ المَكيلِ والمَوْزونِ. ونُقِلَ عن أحمدَ، أنَّ المَطْعومَ لا يَجوزُ بَيْعُه قبلَ قَبْضِه، سواءٌ كانَ مَكيلًا، أو مَوْزُونًا، أو لم يكُنْ. وهذا يَقْتَضِى أنَّ الطَّعامَ خاصَّةً لا يَدْخُلُ فى ضَمانِ المُشْتَرِى حتَّى يَقْبِضَهُ، فإنَّ التِّرْمِذِىَّ رَوَى عن أحمدَ، أنَّه أرْخَصَ فى بَيْعِ ما لا يُكالُ ولا يُوزَنُ ممَّا لا يُؤْكَلُ ولا يُشْرَبُ قبل قَبْضِه. وقال الأَثْرَمُ: سَأَلْتُ أبا عبدِ اللهِ عن قولِهِ: نَهَى عن رِبْحِ ما لم يُضْمَنْ (٩). قال: هذا فى الطَّعامِ وما أشْبَهَه من مَأْكُولٍ أو مَشْرُوبٍ، فلا يَبيعُه حتَّى يَقْبِضَهُ. قال ابنُ عبدِ البَرِّ: الأصَحُّ عن أحْمَدَ بنِ حَنْبَلٍ أنَّ الذى يُمْنَعُ من بَيْعِه [قبلَ قَبْضِهِ] (١٠) هو الطَّعام؛ وذلك لأنَّ النَّبِيَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- نَهَى عن بَيْعِ الطَّعامِ قَبلَ قَبْضِهِ (١١). فمَفْهومُهُ
(٥) فى الأصل: "طعام".(٦) فى م: "على".(٧) هو الذى تقدَّم.(٨) فى الأصل: "حتَّى توفيه".(٩) أخرجه ابن ماجه، فى: باب النهى عن بيع ما ليس عندك وعن ربح ما لم يضمن، من كتاب التجارات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٧٣٨.(١٠) سقط من: الأصل.(١١) أخرجه البخارى، فى: ما يذكر فى بيع الطعام والحكرة، وباب بيع الطعام قبل أن يقبض. . .، من كتاب البيوع. صحيح البخارى ٣/ ٨٩، ٩٠. ومسلم، فى: باب بطلان بيع المبيع قبل القبض، من كتاب =