and baldness (al-qara'), deafness (al-samam), partial deafness (al-tarash), dumbness (al-kharas), all other illnesses, having an extra or missing finger, strabismus (al-hawal), sunken eyes (al-khawas), and pterygium (al-sabal)—which is an overgrowth in the eyelids—and effeminacy (al-takhnith), being an intersex (khuntha), castration, being a slave girl who is married, and bad breath (al-bakhar) in her. All of this is the position of Abu Hanifa and al-Shafi'i, and I know of no disagreement regarding it. Ibn al-Mundhir said: All those whom we have memorized from among the scholars have reached consensus that if a slave girl is purchased while she has a husband, it is a defect. The same applies to debt on the slave's person if the master is insolvent, and a crime necessitating retaliation (qisas), because the person (raqaba) has become as if it were entitled [to others] due to the necessity of paying for the crime, selling for the debt, and being subject to destruction through retaliation. Fornication and bad breath are defects in both the male and female slave alike; this is the view of al-Shafi'i. Abu Hanifa said: That is not a defect in a male slave, because he is not intended for the marriage bed (firash) and sexual enjoyment, unlike the slave girl. Our argument is that this reduces his value and monetary worth, for through fornication he is exposed to the establishment of the prescribed punishment (hadd) and discretionary punishment (ta'zir), and his master cannot trust him with his family and household. Bad breath harms his master and anyone who sits with him, speaks to him, or whispers to him. As for theft, running away, and bedwetting, these are defects in an older child who has passed the age of ten. The companions of Abu Hanifa said: In the one who eats and drinks alone. Al-Thawri and Ishaq said: It is not a defect in him until he reaches puberty (ihtilam), because rulings—such as legal capacity (taklif) and the obligation of prescribed punishments—are attached to him upon his reaching puberty, so this is the same. Our argument is that an intelligent child
(15) Al-qara': Scalp baldness, which is when one becomes bald such that no hair remains on his head. It is also said to be the loss of hair due to a disease. Lisan al-'Arab (q r '). (16) Al-tarash: Deafness. It is also said to be a milder form of deafness. Lisan al-'Arab (t r sh). (17) Al-khawas: Narrowness, smallness, and deep-set eyes. A man is "akhwas" (deep-set eyed) if his eyes are sunken. Lisan al-'Arab (kh w s). (18) Al-takhnith: A man "khannatha" his speech—with emphasis—if he mimicked the speech of women in softness and gentleness. Taj al-'Arus (kh n th). (19) Al-bakhar: A foul odor originating from the mouth. Lisan al-'Arab (b kh r). (20) Omitted from: The original manuscript.
