due to the literal meaning of the command, and because it is a contract of exchange, so having witnesses should be obligatory for it, just like marriage. Our view is based on the saying of God, the Almighty: {And if one of you entrusts the other, then let the one who is entrusted discharge his trust} [Quran 2:283] (88). Abu Sa'id said: 'The matter has reverted to trust,' and he recited this verse. Furthermore, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) bought food from a Jew and pledged his coat of mail to him (89). He also bought trousers from a man (90), and a horse from a Bedouin, which the Bedouin denied until Khuzaymah ibn Thabit testified for him (91), and it was not reported that he had witnesses for any of that. The Companions used to trade during his era in the markets, yet he did not command them to have witnesses, nor was it reported that they did so, and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) did not rebuke them. If they had been using witnesses for all their sales, it would not have been omitted from the reports. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) ordered 'Urwah ibn al-Ja'd to buy a sacrificial animal for him (93), and he did not command him to have witnesses. 'Urwah informed him that he bought two sheep and sold one of them, and he did not rebuke him for leaving out witnesses. Moreover, trading is frequent among people in their markets and elsewhere; if having witnesses were obligatory for everything they trade, it would lead to the hardship which has been removed from us by His saying
(88) Surah al-Baqarah 283. (89) See the documentation in page 375 previously, footnotes 56 and 57. (90) Reported by Abu Dawud, al-Tirmidhi, al-Nasa'i, and al-Darimi in: Chapter on Estimation in Weight, from the Book of Sales. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/220, 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 6/39, al-Mujtaba 7/250, Sunan al-Darimi 2/260. It was also reported by Ibn Majah in the same chapter of the Book of Commerce, and in: Chapter on Wearing Trousers, from the Book of Dress. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/748, 1185. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 4/352. (91) Reported by Abu Dawud in: Chapter: If a judge knows the truthfulness of a single witness, it is permissible for him to rule by it, from the Book of Judgments. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/76, 277. Al-Nasa'i in: Chapter on Ease in Not Requiring Witnesses for Sales, from the Book of Sales. al-Mujtaba 7/65, 266. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 5/215, 216. (92) In the original and [M]: "And they were". (93) Reported by al-Bukhari in: Chapter: "Haddathana Ali ibn Abd Allah...", from the Book of Virtues. Sahih al-Bukhari 4/252. Abu Dawud in: Chapter on the Mudarib who acts contrary [to instructions], from the Book of Sales. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/229. Al-Tirmidhi in: Chapter: "Haddathana Abu Kurayb", from the Chapters on Sales. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 5/263. And Ibn Majah in: Chapter on the trustee who trades and makes a profit, from the Book of Charities. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/803.
لظاهِرِ الأمْرِ، ولأنه عَقْدُ مُعاوَضَةٍ، فيَجِبُ الإِشهادُ عليه كالنِّكاحِ. ولنا، قولُ اللهِ تعالى: {فَإِنْ أَمِنَ بَعْضُكُمْ بَعْضًا فَلْيُؤَدِّ الَّذِي اؤْتُمِنَ أَمَانَتَهُ} (٨٨). وقال أبو سَعِيدٍ: صارَ الأمْرُ إلى الأمانَةِ. وتَلَا هذه الآيةَ، ولأنَّ النَّبِيَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- اشْتَرَى مِنْ يَهُودِيٍّ طَعَامًا، ورَهَنَهُ دِرْعَهُ (٨٩)، واشْتَرَى مِنْ رَجُلٍ سَرَاوِيلَ (٩٠)، ومِنْ أعْرَابِيٍّ فَرَسًا، فجَحَدَهُ الأَعْرَابِيُّ حَتَّى شَهِدَ له خُزَيْمَةُ بن ثابِتٍ (٩١)، ولم يُنْقَلْ أنَّه أشْهَدَ فى شىءٍ من ذلك. وكان الصَّحابَةُ يَتَبايَعُونَ فى عَصْرِهِ فى الأسْواقِ، فلم يَأْمُرْهُم بالإِشْهادِ، ولا نُقِلَ عَنْهم فِعْلُه، ولم يُنْكِرْ عليهم النَّبِيُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، ولو كانوا (٩٢) يُشْهِدُونَ فى كلِّ بياعاتِهِم لَمَا أُخِلَّ بِنَقْلِه. وقد أمَرَ النبىُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- عُرْوَةَ بنَ الجَعْدِ أنْ يَشْتَرِىَ لَهُ أُضْحِيَّةً (٩٣). ولم يَأْمُرْهُ بالإِشْهادِ، وأخْبَرَه عُرْوَةُ أنَّه اشْتَرَى شَاتَيْنِ فبَاعَ إحْدَاهُما، ولم يُنْكِرْ عليه تَرْكَ الإِشْهَادِ. ولأنَّ المُبايَعَةَ تَكْثُرُ بين الناس فى أسْواقِهم وغيرِها، فلو وَجَبَ الإِشْهَادُ فى كلِّ ما يَتَبَايَعُونَه، أفْضَى إلى الحَرَجِ المَحْطُوطِ عَنَّا بقولِه
(٨٨) سورة البقرة ٢٨٣.(٨٩) انظر التخريج فى صفحة ٣٧٥ المتقدمة، حاشيتى ٥٦، ٥٧.(٩٠) أخرجه أبو داود، والترمذى، والنسائى، والدارمى، فى: باب الرجحان فى الوزن، من كتاب البيوع. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٢٢٠، عارضة الأحوذى ٦/ ٣٩، المجتبى ٧/ ٢٥٠، سنن الدارمى ٢/ ٢٦٠. كما أخرجه ابن ماجه، فى الباب نفسه، من كتاب التجارات، وفى: باب لبس السراويل، من كتاب اللباس. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٧٤٨، ١١٨٥. والإمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٤/ ٣٥٢.(٩١) أخرجه أبو داود، فى: باب إذا علم الحاكم صدق الشاهد الواحد يجوز له أن يحكم به، من كتاب الأقضية. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٧٦، ٢٧٧. والنسائى، فى: باب التسهيل فى ترك الإشهاد على البيع، من كتاب البيوع. المجتبى ٧/ ٦٥، ٢٦٦. والإمام أحمد، فى: المسند ٥/ ٢١٥، ٢١٦.(٩٢) فى الأصل، م: "وكانوا".(٩٣) أخرجه البخارى، فى: باب حدثنا على بن عبد اللَّه. . .، من كتاب المناقب. صحيح البخاري ٤/ ٢٥٢ وأبو داود، فى: باب فى المضارب يخالف، من كتاب البيوع. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٢٢٩ والترمذى، فى: باب حدثنا أبو كريب، من أبواب البيوع. عارضة الأحوذى ٥/ ٢٦٣. وابن ماجه، فى: باب الأمين يتجر فيه فيربح، من كتاب الصدقات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٨٠٣.
