Because the Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed a young camel (bakr) from a man and returned its equivalent. It differs from destruction (itlaf), for there is no leniency (musamaha) in that, so the value becomes obligatory because it is more precise, whereas a loan is easier; for this reason, deferment (nasi'ah) is permissible in it even for items where usury (riba) is relevant. One considers the equivalent of its attributes approximately, for the true equivalent is only found in measurable and weighable items. If the equivalent is impossible to provide, then its value on the day the equivalent became impossible is due, because the value becomes established in his liability at that time. If we say: the value is obligatory, it is obligatory at the time of the loan because it is at that moment that it was established in his liability.
Section: The loan of bread is permissible. Abu Qilabah and Malik granted a concession for it, while Abu Hanifah prohibited it. Our evidence is that it is a weighable item, so its loan is permissible, like other weighable items. If he loans it by weight and returns its equivalent by weight, it is permissible. If he takes it by number and returns it by number, then Sharif Abu Ja'far said: There are two narrations regarding this. The first is that it is not permissible because it is a weighable item, resembling other weighable items. The second is that it is permissible. Ibn Abi Musa said: If he intends it to be equivalent for equivalent, he does not need to weigh it, though weighing is more beloved to me. The basis for its permissibility is what 'A'isha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated, saying: I said, 'O Messenger of Allah, the neighbors borrow bread and leaven, and they return with increase or decrease.' He said: "There is no harm in it, for that is among the conveniences of the people, and it is not intended for the sake of excess." Abu Bakr mentioned this in "al-Shafi" with his chain of narration. In it also, with his chain of narration from Mu'adh ibn Jabal, he was asked about the loaning of bread and leaven, and he said: "Subhan Allah, this is only from noble character; so take the large and give the small, and take the small and give the large, 'The best of you is the one who is best in repayment.'" I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say that. And because this is among the things for which there is a need, and it is difficult to consider weight in it, and leniency is involved in it, so it is permissible, like entering a bathhouse without setting a fee, or riding on a boatman's vessel, and similar instances. If he stipulates that he must give him more than he borrowed, or better, or gives him the like of what he took plus an extra piece,
(9) The documentation for this wording from the hadith of Abu Rafi' was previously provided on page 388.
لأنَّ النَّبِىَّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-، اسْتَسْلَفَ من رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَرَدَّ مِثْلَه. ويُخَالِفُ الإتْلَافَ؛ فإنَّه لا مُسَامَحَةَ فيه، فَوَجَبَتِ القِيمَةُ، لأنَّها أحْصَرُ، والقَرْضُ أسْهَلُ، ولهذا جَازَتِ النَّسِيئَةُ فيه فيما فيه الرِّبَا، ويَعْتَبِرُ مثلَ صِفَاتِه تَقْرِيبًا، فإنَّ حَقِيقَةَ المِثْلِ إنَّما تُوجَدُ فى المَكِيلِ والمَوْزُونِ. "فإن تَعَذَّرَ المِثْلُ، فعَلَيْهِ قِيمَتُه يومَ تَعَذَّرَ المِثْلُ، لأنَّ القِيمَةَ ثَبَتَتْ فى ذِمَّتِه حِينَئِذٍ. وإذا قُلْنا: تَجِبُ القِيمَةُ. وَجَبَتْ حين القَرْضِ؛ لأنَّها حيِنَئِذٍ ثَبَتَتْ فى ذِمَّتِه.
فصل: ويَجُوزُ قَرْضُ الخُبْزِ. ورَخَّصَ فيه أبو قِلابَةَ ومالِكٌ. ومنَع منه أبو حنيفةَ. ولَنا، أنَّه مَوْزُونٌ، فجازَ قَرْضُه، كسائِرِ المَوْزُوناتِ. وإذا أقْرَضَه بالوَزْنِ، ورَدَّ مثلَه بالوَزْنِ، جازَ. وإن أخَذَهُ عَدَدًا، فرَدَّهُ عَدَدًا، فقال الشَّرِيفُ أبو جَعْفَرٍ: فيه رِوايَتانِ؛ إحْدَاهما، لا يجوزُ؛ لأنَّه مَوْزُونٌ، أشْبَهَ سَائِرَ المَوْزُوناتِ. والثانية، يجوزُ: قال ابنُ أبى موسى: إذا كان يَتَحَرَّى أن يكونَ مِثْلًا بمِثْلٍ، فلا يَحْتَاجُ إلى الوَزْنِ، والوَزْنُ أحَبُّ إلىَّ. وَوَجْهُ الجَوَازِ، ما رَوَتْ عَائِشَةُ، رَضِىَ اللَّه عنها، قالتْ: قلتُ: يا رسولَ اللَّه، إنَّ الجِيرَانَ يَسْتَقْرِضُونَ الخُبْزَ والخَمِيرَ، ويَرُدُّونَ زِيَادَةً ونُقْصَانًا. فقال: "لَا بَأْسَ، إنَّ ذلِكَ مِنْ مَرَافِقِ النَّاسِ، لَا يُرَادُ بِهِ الْفَضْلُ". ذَكَرَهُ أبو بكرٍ فى "الشَّافِى" بإسْنَادِه. وفيه أيضا، بإسْنَادِه عن مُعَاذِ ابن جَبَلٍ، أنَّه سُئِلَ عن اسْتِقْرَاضِ الخُبْزِ والخَمِيرِ، فقال: سُبْحَانَ اللَّه، إنَّما هذَا مِنْ مَكَارِمِ الْأخْلَاقِ، فَخُذِ الْكَبِيرَ وَأَعْطِ الصَّغِيرَ، وَخُذِ الصَّغِيرَ وأَعْطِ الكَبيرَ، "خَيْرُكُمْ أَحْسَنُكُم قَضَاءً" (٩). سَمِعْتُ رسولَ اللَّه -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- يقولُ ذلك. ولأنًّ هذا ممَّا تَدْعُو الحَاجَةُ إليه، ويَشُقُّ اعْتِبَارُ الوَزْنِ فيه، وتَدْخُلُه المُسَامَحَةُ، فجازَ، كدُخُولِ الحَمَّامِ مِن غيرِ تَقْدِيرِ أُجْرَةٍ، والرُّكُوبِ فى سَفِينَةِ المَلَّاحِ، وأَشْبَاهِ هذا. فإن شَرَطَ أن يُعْطِيَهُ أكْثَرَ ممَّا أقْرَضَه أو أجْوَدَ، أو أعْطَاهُ مثلَ ما أخَذَ وزَادهُ كِسْرَةً،
(٩) وتقدم تخريج هذا اللفظ من حديث أبى رافع فى صفحة ٣٨٨.