such as items sold by volume or weight before taking possession of them; because taking possession of them is due, so it is possible for the purchaser to take possession, and then he takes them into his possession. As for selling [them before possession], it leads to earning a profit on something he has not guaranteed, which is prohibited. It is possible [to argue] that it is not valid to pledge it, because it is not valid to sell it.

Section: There are two narrations regarding the pledging of the Mushaf (copy of the Quran). One is that it is not valid to pledge it. A group narrated from him: He permitted the pledging of the Mushaf. This is because the purpose of the pledge is to satisfy the debt from its price, and that cannot be achieved except by selling it, and its sale is not permissible. The second [narration] is that it is valid to pledge it. For he said: If he pledges a Mushaf, he may not read from it except with his [the mortgagee's] permission. The outward implication of this is the validity of pledging it. This is the opinion of Malik, al-Shafi'i, Abu Thawr, and the People of Opinion (Ashab al-Ra'y), based on the fact that its sale is valid, so its pledge is valid, like other things.

Section: It is permissible to borrow something to pledge it. Ibn al-Mundhir said: All the scholars whose views we have recorded are in consensus that if a man borrows something from another to pledge it for a known amount of dinars, with a man he has named, for a known time, and he does so, then that is permissible. It is necessary that he mention the mortgagee, the amount for which he is pledging it, its genus, and the duration of the pledge; because the harm varies with that, so it is necessary to mention it, like the original pledge. Whenever he stipulates any of that, yet deviates from it and pledges it for something else, the pledge is not valid; because he was not permitted for this pledge, so he resembles one who was not given permission for the original pledge. Ibn al-Mundhir said: The scholars are in consensus on that. If he gives him permission to pledge it for a [specific] amount of wealth, and he pledges it for less than that—such as if he permits him to pledge it for a hundred, and he pledges it for fifty—it is valid, because whoever permits [pledging] for a hundred has permitted [it] for fifty. And if he pledges it for more, such as if he pledged it for one hundred and fifty, it is possible that it is void in its entirety; because he violated what was explicitly stated, so it became void, just as if he had said: "Pledge it for dinars," and he pledged it for dirhams; or "for a prompt [payment]," and he pledged it for a deferred [payment]; or "for a deferred [payment]," and he pledged it for a prompt [payment], for it would not be valid. Likewise here. And this is explicitly stated by