because his ownership remains. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Start with yourself, then with those you support." It is known that among those he supports are those whose maintenance is incumbent upon him and constitutes a debt against him, namely the wife. Thus, if he prioritizes his own maintenance over the wife's maintenance, he does so likewise over the right of the creditors. Furthermore, the living person is more sacred than the deceased, as he is guaranteed against destruction; it is agreed upon that the preparation of the deceased for burial and the costs of his funeral take precedence over his debt, so his own maintenance is more worthy. Also, the maintenance of those whose maintenance is incumbent upon him from his relatives, such as parents, children, and others whose maintenance is required, takes precedence because they are in the position of himself; for those among his relatives who are dhu rahim (kin) would be emancipated if he owned them, just as he would be emancipated if he owned his own self. Thus, their maintenance is like his maintenance. Similarly, his wife's maintenance is prioritized because her maintenance is more confirmed than the maintenance of relatives; it is required by way of mutual compensation and contains the meaning of sustaining life, as in the case of relatives. Those who ruled that it is mandatory to spend on the insolvent person, his wife, and his young children from his wealth include Abu Hanifah, Malik, and al-Shafi'i, and we know of no one who disagreed with them. Their clothing is also required because it is a necessity without which a person cannot subsist. The required maintenance and clothing is the minimum that is spent on someone like him according to custom, and the minimum that someone like him would wear, whether it is in terms of the type of food or its median level.
(2) Reported by al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter on which charity is best, from the Book of Zakat; and in: Chapter on the sale of the mudabbar, from the Book of Sales. Al-Mujtaba 5/52, 7/267. With the wording: "Start with yourself." Reported by Muslim, in: Chapter on maintenance of the self..., from the Book of Zakat. Sahih Muslim 2/693. With the wording: "And start with those you support." Reported by al-Bukhari, in: Chapter on there is no charity except from wealth that is left over, from the Book of Zakat, and in: Chapter on the obligation of maintenance for family and dependents, from the Book of Maintenance. Sahih al-Bukhari 2/139, 7/81. Also by Abu Dawud, in: Chapter on the concession regarding that, from the Book of Zakat. Sunan Abi Dawud 1/390. And al-Tirmidhi, in: Chapter on what has been narrated regarding the prohibition of begging, from the Chapters of Zakat, and in: Chapter on what has been narrated regarding asceticism in the world, from the Book of Asceticism. Aridat al-Ahwadhi 3/193, 9/207. And al-Nasa'i, in: Chapter on which of the two is the higher, Chapter on charity from wealth that is left over, and Chapter on which charity is best, from the Book of Zakat. Al-Mujtaba 5/46, 52. And al-Darimi, in: Chapter on for whom it is recommended for a man to give charity, and Chapter on the virtue of the upper hand, from the Book of Zakat. Sunan al-Darimi 1/389. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 2/4/152, 230, 245, 278, 288, 319, 358, 362, 394, 402, 434, 475, 476, 480, 501, 524, 527, 3/330, 346, 402, 403, 434, 5/262. See what has preceded in 4/150, 264.
لأنَّ مِلْكَه بَاقٍ، وقد قال النبيُّ -صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ-: "ابْدَأْ بِنَفْسِكَ، ثُمَّ بِمَنْ تَعُولُ" (٢). ومَعْلُومٌ أنَّ في مَن يَعُولُه مَن تَجِبُ نَفَقَتُه عليه، ويكونُ دَيْنًا عليه، وهي الزَّوْجَةُ، فإذا قَدَّمَ نَفَقَةَ نَفْسِه على نَفَقَةِ الزَّوجَةِ، فكذلك على حَقِّ الغُرَمَاءِ، ولأنَّ الحَيَّ آكَدُ حُرْمَةً من المَيِّتِ، لأنَّه مَضْمُونٌ بالإتْلَافِ، وتَقْدِيمُ تَجْهِيزِ المَيِّتِ، ومُؤْنَةِ دَفْنِه على دَيْنِه، مُتَّفَقٌ عليه. فنَفَقَتُه أوْلَى. وتُقَدَّمُ أيضًا نَفَقَةُ مَن تَلْزَمُه نَفَقَتُه من أقَارِبِه، مثلِ الوَالِدِينَ، والمَوْلُودِينَ، وغيرِهم، ممَّن تَجِبُ نَفَقَتُهُم؛ لأنَّهم يَجْرُونَ مَجْرَى نَفْسِه، لأنَّ ذَوِي رَحِمِه منهم يَعْتِقُونَ إذا مَلَكَهم، كما يَعْتِقُ إذا مَلَكَ نَفْسَه، فكانت نَفَقَتُهُم كنَفَقَتِه، وكذلك زَوْجَتُه تُقَدَّمُ نَفَقَتُها، لأنَّ نَفَقَتَها آكَدُ من نَفَقَةِ الأقَارِبِ؛ لأنَّها تَجِبُ من طَرِيقِ المُعَاوَضَةِ، وفيها مَعْنَى الإحْيَاءِ، كما في الأقَارِبِ، وممَّن أوْجَبَ الإنفَاقَ على المُفْلِسِ وَزَوْجَتِه وأولَادِه الصِّغَارِ من مَالِه، أبو حنيفةَ، ومَالِكٌ، والشَّافِعِيُّ. ولا نَعْلَمُ أحَدًا خَالَفَهم. وتَجِبُ كُسْوَتُهم أيضا، لأنَّ ذلك ممَّا لابُدَّ منه، ولا تَقُومُ النَّفْسُ بِدُونِه، والوَاجِبُ من النَّفَقَةِ والكُسْوَةِ أدْنَى ما يُنْفَقُ على مِثْلِه بالمَعْرُوفِ، وأدْنَى ما يَكْتَسِي مِثْلُه، إن كان من جِنْسِ الطَّعَامِ أو مُتَوَسِّطِه،
(٢) أخرجه النسائي، في: باب أي الصدقة أفضل، من كتاب الزكاة. وفي: باب بيع المدبر، من كتاب البيوع. المجتبى ٥/ ٥٢، ٧/ ٢٦٧.وبلفظ: "ابدأ بنفسك". أخرجه مسلم، في: باب النفقة بالنفس. . .، من كتاب الزكاة. صحيح مسلم ٢/ ٦٩٣.وبلفظ: "وابدأ بمن تعول". أخرجه البخاري، في: باب لا صدقة إلا عن ظهر غنى، من كتاب الزكاة، وفي: باب وجوب النفقة على الأهل والعيال، من كتاب النفقات. صحيح البخاري ٢/ ١٣٩، ٧/ ٨١. وأبو داود، في: باب الرخصة في ذلك، من كتاب الزكاة. سنن أبي داود ١/ ٣٩٠. والترمذي، في: باب ما جاء في النهي عن المسألة، من أبواب الزكاة، وفي: باب ما جاء في الزهادة في الدنيا، من كتاب الزهد. عارضة الأحوذي ٣/ ١٩٣، ٩/ ٢٠٧. والنسائي، في: باب أيتهما العليا، وباب الصدقة عن ظهر غنى، وباب أي الصدقة أفضل، من كتاب الزكاة. المجتبى ٥/ ٤٦، ٥٢. والدارمي، في: باب من يستحب للرجل الصدقة، وباب فضل اليد العليا، من كتاب الزكاة. سنن الدارمي ١/ ٣٨٩. والإمام أحمد، في: المسند ٢/ ٤/ ١٥٢، ٢٣٠، ٢٤٥، ٢٧٨، ٢٨٨، ٣١٩، ٣٥٨، ٣٦٢، ٣٩٤، ٤٠٢، ٤٣٤، ٤٧٥، ٤٧٦، ٤٨٠، ٥٠١، ٥٢٤، ٥٢٧، ٣/ ٣٣٠، ٣٤٦، ٤٠٢، ٤٠٣، ٤٣٤، ٥/ ٢٦٢. وانظر ما تقدم في ٤/ ١٥٠، ٢٦٤.