Section: As for milk and other liquids, such as oils like olive oil and sesame oil (24), honey, date syrup (25), and the like, the apparent view is that they are measured items. The Qadi said regarding oils: They are measured items. Regarding milk: It is valid to sell it through salam (forward sale) by measurement. The companions of Al-Shafi'i said: Milk is not to be sold for other portions of itself except by measurement. It has been narrated from Ahmad that he was asked about salam in milk, and he replied: Yes, by measurement or by weight. This is because water is estimated by the sa', and it is for this reason that the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to perform wudu with a mudd and perform ghusl with a sa' (26), and he and some of his wives would perform ghusl with a faraq. These are measures with which water was estimated, and the same applies to all other liquids. It has been narrated from the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, that he forbade the sale of what is in the udders of livestock except by measurement. This was narrated by Ibn Majah (27). As for that which is neither a measured item nor a weighed item, meaning that which has no origin in the Hijaz in terms of measurement or weight, and does not resemble (28) what custom has established as such—like clothing, animals, and items counted such as walnuts, eggs, pomegranates, cucumbers, squash, other vegetables, herbs, quinces, apples, pears, peaches (29), and the like—then for these counted items, if we consider equality in them, it is considered based on weight, as it is more concise. The Qadi mentioned this regarding fresh fruits, and it is one of two opinions held by the companions of Al-Shafi'i. The other opinion they hold is: It is considered by what is possible to measure, by measurement (30); because (31) the origin consists of the four items, which are measured, and it is the nature of the derivative to be returned to its origin according to its ruling, and the origin’s ruling is the prohibition of usurious excess (tafadul) by measurement.