of benefits, he possesses the right to permit them provided there is no impediment to it, such as with clothing. Furthermore, these are entities for which leasing (ijara) is permissible, so lending (ariyah) them is also permissible, like clothing. It is permissible to borrow dirhams and dinars to weigh them, but if he borrows them to spend them, this is a loan (qard). This is the view of the scholars of jurisprudence (ashab al-ra'y). It has been said: This is not permissible, and the lending (ariyah) cannot exist regarding dinars, and he does not have the right to purchase anything with them. Our view is that this is the meaning of a loan (qard), so the loan is contracted by it, just as if he had explicitly stated it.

Section: It is not permissible to lend a Muslim slave to a disbeliever (kafir) because it is not permitted to enable him to employ him, so lending him for that purpose is not permitted. Similarly, it is not permissible to lend game (hunted animal) to one in the state of ihram (muhrim), because he is not permitted (26) to retain it. It is also not permissible to lend a beautiful woman to a man who is not her mahram, if he might be in seclusion with her or look at her, because she is not secure from him. It is permissible, however, to lend her to a woman or to her mahram. It is not permitted to lend an entity for a forbidden benefit, such as lending a house to someone who drinks wine in it, or sells it therein, or disobeys Allah the Almighty in it; nor is it permitted to lend his slave for playing musical instruments, or to serve him wine, or to carry it for him, or to press it, or the like. It is disliked (makruh) for one to borrow his parents for his service because it is disliked for him to employ them, so borrowing them for that purpose is disliked.

Section: Lending (ariyah) is permissible, both in absolute terms and restricted terms, because it is a permission, so it is permissible in this regard, just like the permission to eat food. This is because uncertainty (jahala) only has an effect in binding contracts. If he lends him something in absolute terms, he is permitted to derive any benefit from it for which it is prepared (27). Thus, if he lends him land in absolute terms, he may plant in it, grow trees, build, and do anything therein for which it is prepared, because the permission is absolute. If he lends it to him for planting trees or for building, he may plant whatever he wishes in it, because the damage from that is less than the damage from the former, so it is as if he had fulfilled some of what he was permitted to do. If he borrows it for crops, he shall not plant trees nor build, because the damage from those is greater, so permission for the lesser does not constitute permission for the greater. If he borrows it for planting trees or for building, he possesses the right to perform whichever of the two was permitted to him, but not the other, because the damage from them is different. For indeed