Book of Preemption (al-Shuf'a)
It is the right of a partner to seize the share of his partner that has been transferred from him, from the hand of the person to whom it was transferred. It is established by the Sunnah and consensus (ijma'). As for the Sunnah, it is what Jabir—may Allah be pleased with him—narrated, saying: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) decreed preemption in matters that have not been divided. When the boundaries are set and the paths are laid out, there is no preemption. It is unanimously agreed upon. In [the Sahih of] Muslim, he said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) decreed preemption in every partnership that has not been divided, whether it is a house (rab'a) or a garden (ha'it). It is not lawful for him to sell until he seeks the permission of his partner. If he wishes, he takes it, and if he wishes, he leaves it. If he sells without seeking his permission, he [the partner] has a greater right to it. In [the Sahih of] al-Bukhari: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) only granted preemption in what has not been divided; when the boundaries are set and the paths are laid out, there is no preemption. As for the consensus, Ibn al-Mundhir said: The scholars have reached a consensus on establishing the right of preemption for the partner who has not yet divided [the property], regarding land, a house, or a garden that is sold. The rationale for this is that when one of two partners intends to sell his share, and he is able to sell it to his partner and liberate him from what he is facing regarding the expectation
(1) In M, there is an addition: "from." (2) Extracted by al-Bukhari in: The Chapter on a Partner Selling to His Partner, and the Chapter on Selling Land, Houses, and Goods, from the Book of Sales; and in: The Chapter on Preemption in What Has Not Been Divided..., from the Book of Preemption; and in: The Chapter on Partnership in Lands, and the Chapter on When Partners Divide..., from the Book of Partnership. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/104, 114, 183. And Muslim in: The Chapter on Preemption, from the Book of Sharecropping. Sahih Muslim 3/1229. It was also extracted by Abu Dawud in: The Chapter on Preemption, from the Book of Sales. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/256. And al-Tirmidhi in: The Chapter on What Was Said Regarding When Boundaries Are Set..., from the Chapters of Rulings. 'Aridat al-Ahwadhi 6/131. And al-Nasa'i in: The Chapter on Mentioning Preemption and Its Rulings, from the Book of Sales. al-Mujtaba 7/282. And Imam Ahmad in: al-Musnad 3/296, 316, 372, 399. (3) Al-rab'a: A house, a dwelling, and land in general. (4) In M: "bi-saddihi."
كتابُ الشُّفْعَةِ
وهى اسْتِحْقَاقُ الشَّرِيكِ انْتِزَاعَ حِصَّةِ شَرِيكِه المُنْتَقِلَةِ عنه مِن يَدِ مَن انْتَقَلَتْ إليه. وهى ثابِتَةٌ بالسُّنَّةِ والإِجْمَاعِ؛ أمَّا السُّنَّةُ، فما رَوَى (١) جابِرٌ رَضِىَ اللهُ عنه، قال: قَضَى رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- بالشُّفْعَةِ فيما لم يُقْسَمْ، فإذا وَقَعَتِ الحُدُودُ، وصُرِّفَتِ الطُّرُقُ، فلا شُفْعَةَ. مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٢). ولِمُسْلَمٍ قال: قَضَى رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- بالشُّفْعَةِ في كلِّ شِرْكٍ لم يُقْسَمْ؛ رَبْعَةٍ (٣)، أو حائِطٍ، لا يَحِلُّ له أن يَبِيعَ حتى يَسْتَأْذِنَ شَرِيكَهُ. فإن شَاءَ أخَذَ، وإن شَاءَ تَرَكَ، فإن باعَ ولم يَسْتَأْذِنْهُ فهو أحَقُّ به. ولِلْبُخَارِيِّ: إنَّما جَعَلَ رسولُ اللهِ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- الشُّفْعَةَ فيما لم يُقْسَمْ، فإذا وَقَعَتِ الحُدُودُ، وصُرِّفَتِ الطُّرُقُ، فلا شُفْعَةَ. وأمَّا الإِجْمَاعُ، فقال ابنُ المُنْذِرِ: أجْمَعَ أهْلُ العِلْمِ على إِثْباتِ الشُّفْعَةِ لِلشَّرِيكِ الذي لم يُقَاسِمْ، فيما بِيعَ من أَرْضٍ أو دَارٍ أو حائِطٍ. والمَعْنَى في ذلك أنَّ أحَدَ الشَّرِيكَيْنِ إذا أرَادَ أن يَبِيعَ نَصِيبَه، وتَمَكَّنَ من بَيْعِه لِشَرِيكِه، وتَخْلِيصِه ممَّا كان بصَدَدِه (٤) من تَوَقُّعِ
(١) في م زيادة: "عن".(٢) أخرجه البخاري، في: باب بيع الشريك من شريكه، وباب بيع الأرض والدور والعروض، من كتاب البيوع، وفى: باب الشفعة ما لم يقسم. . ., من كتاب الشفعة، وفى: باب الشركة في الأرضين، وباب إذا اقتسم الشركاء. . ., من كتاب الشركة. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٠٤، ١١٤، ١٨٣. ومسلم، في: باب الشفعة، من كتاب المساقاة. صحيح مسلم ٣/ ١٢٢٩.كما أخرجه أبو داود، في: باب في الشفعة، من كتاب البيوع. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٢٥٦. والترمذي، في: باب ما جاء إذا أحدت الحدود. . ., من أبواب الأحكام. عارضة الأحوذى ٦/ ١٣١. والنسائي، في: باب ذكر الشفعة وأحكامها، من كتاب البيوع. المجتبى ٧/ ٢٨٢. والإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٣/ ٢٩٦، ٣١٦، ٣٧٢، ٣٩٩.(٣) الربعة: الدار والمسكن ومطلق الأرض.(٤) في م: "بصده".
