entitled to the benefit of the river during his turn by running the water, so it is similar to if he had rented it for that purpose.
Section: The second division is that the source of the water is owned, such as if a group partners together in discovering a spring and causing it to flow; they own it as well, because that constitutes bringing it to life (ihya'). They share in it and in its channel according to what they spent on it and worked on it, as we have mentioned [regarding the river] (88) in the section preceding this one, except that the water there is not owned because it is permissible water that entered his property, similar to if game entered his garden. Here, it is derived from two narrations; the most correct of them is that it is also not owned. We have already mentioned that. In any case, every person may draw from the flowing water for his drinking, ablution, bathing, and washing of his clothes, and benefit from it in similar ways that do not diminish it, without the owner's permission, provided he does not enter a place enclosed for it. It is not permissible for its owner to prevent this, because Abu Hurayrah narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "There are three whom Allah will not look at, nor will He purify them, and for them is a painful punishment: a man who has surplus water on a path and denies it to the wayfarer." Narrated by al-Bukhari (89). Also, from Buhaysah (90), from her father, that he said: O Prophet of Allah, what is the thing that it is not permissible to deny? He said: "Water." He said: O Prophet of Allah, what is the thing that it is not permissible to deny? He said: "Salt." He said: O Prophet of Allah, what is the thing that it is not permissible to deny? He said: "Doing good is better for you." Narrated by Abu Dawud (91). And because this does not diminish it (92) according to custom, and it is surplus to the need of the river owner. As for what does diminish it, such as watering many livestock and similar, if the water is surplus to the need of its owner, he is obligated to grant it for that; if it is not surplus, he is not obligated. We have mentioned this in other than this place.
(88) Omitted from: B, M. (89) In: Chapter: The sin of him who denies water to the wayfarer, from the Book of Watering/Irrigation. Sahih al-Bukhari 3/145. It was also recorded by Abu Dawud in: Chapter: On denying water, from the Book of Business Transactions. Sunan Abi Dawud 2/249. And Ibn Majah, in: Chapter: What has been narrated regarding the dislike of swearing in buying and selling, from the Book of Trade. Sunan Ibn Majah 2/744. (90) In A, M: "Bahbah". (91) Its takhrij (verification) has previously passed in: 6/378. (92) Omitted from: B, M.
مُسْتَحِقٌّ لِنَفْعِ النَّهْرِ في نَوْبَتِه بإِجرَاءِ الماءِ، فأشْبَهَ ما لو اسْتَأْجَرَها لذلك.
فصل: القسم الثاني، أن يكونَ مَنْبَعُ الماءِ مَمْلُوكًا، مثل أن يَشْتَرِكَ جَمَاعةٌ في اسْتِنْباطِ عَيْنٍ وإجْرَائِها، فإنَّهم يَمْلِكُونها أيضًا؛ لأنَّ ذلك إحْياءٌ لها، ويَشْتَرِكُون فيها، وفى سَاقِيَتِها، على حَسَبِ ما أَنْفَقُوا عليها، وعَمِلُوا فيها، كما ذَكَرْنا [في النَّهْرِ] (٨٨)، في القِسْمِ الذي قبلَ هذا، إلَّا أنَّ الماءَ غيرُ مَمْلُوكٍ ثَمَّ، لأنَّه مُبَاحٌ دَخَلَ مِلْكَه، فأشْبَه ما لو دَخَلَ صَيْدٌ بُسْتَانَهُ، وههُنا يُخَرَّجُ على رِوَايَتَيْنِ؛ أصَحُّهما أنَّه غيرُ مَمْلُوكٍ أيضًا. وقد ذَكَرْنا ذلك. وعلى كلِّ حالٍ، فلِكُلِّ أحدٍ أن يَسْتَقِىَ من الماءِ الجارِى لِشُرْبِه ووُضُوئِه وغُسْلِه وغَسْلِ ثِيَابِه، ويَنْتَفِعَ به في أشْباهِ ذلك، ممَّا لا يُؤَثِّرُ فيه، من غيرِ إذْنِه، إذا لم يَدْخُلْ إليه في مكانٍ مُحَوَّطٍ عليه. ولا يَحِلُّ لِصَاحِبِه المَنْعُ من ذلك؛ لما رَوَى أبو هُرَيْرةَ، قال: قال رسولُ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "ثَلَاثَةٌ لَا يَنْظُرُ اللهُ إلَيْهِمْ، ولَا يُزَكِّيهِمْ، ولَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ؛ رَجُلٌ كَانَ بِفَضْلِ ماءٍ بالطَّريقِ، فمَنَعَه ابنَ السَّبِيلِ". رَوَاهُ البُخَارِىُّ (٨٩)، وعن بُهَيْسَة (٩٠)، عن أَبِيهَا، أنَّه قال: يا نَبِىَّ اللهِ، ما الشىءُ الذي لا يَحِلُّ مَنْعُه؟ قال: "الْمَاءُ". قال: يا نَبِىَّ اللَّه، ما الشىءُ الذي لا يَحِلُّ مَنْعُه؟ قال: "المِلْحُ". قال: يا نَبِىَّ اللَّه، ما الشىءُ الذي لا يَحِلُّ مَنْعُه؟ قال: "أن تَفْعَلَ الخَيْرَ خَيْرٌ لَكَ". رَوَاهُ أبو دَاوُدَ (٩١). ولأنَّ ذلك لا يُؤَثِّرُ فيه (٩٢) في العادَةِ، وهو فاضِلٌ عن حَاجَةِ صاحِبِ النَّهْرِ. فأمَّا ما يُؤَثِّرُ فيه، كسَقْىِ الماشِيَةِ الكَثِيرَةِ، ونحوِ ذلك، فإن فَضَلَ الماءُ عن حاجَةِ صاحِبِه، لَزِمَهُ بَذْلُه لذلك، وإن لم يَفْضُلْ، لم يَلْزَمْهُ. وقد ذَكَرْنا ذلك في غيرِ هذا المَوْضِعِ.
(٨٨) سقط من: ب، م.(٨٩) في: باب إثم من منع ابن السبيل من الماء، من كتاب المساقاة. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٤٥.كما أخرجه أبو داود، في: باب في منع الماء، من كتاب البيوع. سنن أبي داود ٢/ ٢٤٩. وابن ماجه، في: باب ما جاء في كراهية الأيمان في الشراء والبيع، من كتاب التجارات. سنن ابن ماجه ٢/ ٧٤٤.(٩٠) في أ، م: "بهبة".(٩١) تقدم تخريجه في: ٦/ ٣٧٨.(٩٢) سقط من: ب، م.
