from either of them. If he does not fulfill the trust regarding it, liability becomes incumbent upon him; this liability attaches to the slave's person and the master's legal capacity simultaneously, because the negligence occurred from both of them.

Section: The mukatab (a slave under a contract of manumission) is like a free person regarding found property, because the wealth belongs to him in the present, and his earnings are his own, not his master's, and found property is among his earnings. If he becomes unable to fulfill the contract, he reverts to being a slave, and his status regarding found property becomes that of a slave, as previously explained. The umm al-walad (a slave woman who has borne her master's child), the slave whose emancipation is suspended upon a condition, and the mudabbar (a slave granted emancipation contingent upon the master's death) are like the absolute slave. As for one who is half-free, if he finds something and there is no agreement of shift-work (muhayaya) between him and his master, it is divided equally between them after the announcement, like all his other earnings; during the year of announcement, they are like two free persons who have found an item. If there is an agreement of shift-work between them, there are two opinions: first, it does not enter into the shift-work agreement, because it is an infrequent form of earning whose occurrence is neither known nor presumed, so it is not included in the shift-work and is shared between them. Second, it does enter into the shift-work agreement, because it is among his earnings, so it resembles his other earnings; if he finds it on his day, it is his, and if he finds it on his master's day, it is for the master. If the slave is owned jointly by two people, his found property is shared between them, according to what we mentioned regarding the person who is partly free and partly slave.

Section: The dhimmi (a non-Muslim citizen) is like the Muslim regarding the finding of lost property. Some of the followers of al-Shafi'i said: He may not find lost property in the Abode of Islam, because he is not among those considered trustworthy. Our position is that it is a type of earning, so he is among those capable of it, like gathering firewood or foraging. What they mentioned is refuted by the case of the child and the insane person, for their finding of lost property is valid, despite the lack of trustworthiness. Once this is established, if he announces the lost property for a full year, he owns it like the Muslim. If the judge or the ruler knows of it, he shall leave it in his hand and assign to him an upright overseer to supervise him and announce it, because we do not trust the non-Muslim to announce it, nor do we trust him not to fail in any of the duties incumbent upon him regarding it. The overseer's wage is upon him. So when...