If it is not completed from the second, then it is completed from the third. If a son, a brother, and a paternal uncle are found, the bequest is shared among them in thirds. Likewise, if there is a son and two brothers, and if there is a son and three brothers, all of them are included in the bequest, and it is appropriate that the son receives one-third of the bequest and they receive two-thirds. If the son is an heir, his share of the bequest lapses if it is not permitted for him, and the remainder goes to the brothers. If he bequeaths to his 'asaba (agnatic heirs), it is for whoever inherits from him by asaba in general, whether they are among those who inherit currently or not (19). They are treated equally, whether they are close or distant relatives, due to the generality of the expression. There is no disagreement that they are never from the maternal side under any circumstances.
980- Issue: He said: "And if he says: 'To the people of my house (ahl bayti)', it is given to those from his father's side and his mother's side."
This means it is given to his mother and her relatives, the maternal uncles, the maternal aunts, the fathers of his mother, their children, and everyone known by their kinship to her. What is textually reported from Ahmad, as far as we have found, is the equation between this expression and the expression of 'kinship' (qaraba). For he said in the narration of Abdullah: If he bequeaths a third of his wealth to his 'ahl bayti', it is equivalent to his saying 'to my kin'. Ibn al-Mundhir related this from Ahmad. Ahmad said: The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "Charity is not lawful for me nor for my ahl bayt (people of my house)" (1). Thus, he made the share of the kin (dhawi al-qurba) as a substitute (3) for the charity that was forbidden to them, so the kin whom Allah the Exalted named were his ahl bayt to whom charity was forbidden. He mentioned the hadith of Zayd ibn Arqam, that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "I remind you of Allah regarding my ahl bayt." He said: We said: "Who are his ahl bayt? His wives?" He said: "No, his lineage and his clan to whom charity was forbidden after him (4); the family of Ali, the family of Aqil, the family of Ja'far, and the family of al-Abbas (5)." Al-Qadi said: Tha'lab said: The 'ahl al-bayt' in the language of the Arabs are the man's fathers
(19) In (A): "inherits". (1) Its authentication (takhrij) was previously provided in: 4/109. (2) In (M): "dhawi" (kin of). (3) In the original and (A): "min" (from). (4) Omitted from (M). (5) Extracted by al-Darimi, in: The Chapter on the Virtue of the One Who Recites the Quran, from the Book of the Virtues of the Quran. Sunan al-Darimi 3/432, abridged. And Imam Ahmad, in: al-Musnad 4/367.
يُكَمّلْ من الثانِيةِ، فمن الثَّالِثَةِ، فإذا وُجِدَ ابْنٌ وأخٌ وَعَمٌّ، فالوَصِيَّةُ بينهم أثْلَاثًا، وكذلك إن كان ابْنٌ وأخَوَانِ، وإن كان ابْنٌ وثَلَاثَةُ إخْوَةٍ، دَخَلَ جَمِيعُهُم في الوَصِيَّةِ، ويَنْبَغِى أن يكونَ لِلابْنِ ثُلُثُ الوَصِيّةِ ولهم ثُلُثَاها. فإن كان الابْنُ وارِثًا، سَقَطَ حَقُّه من الوَصِيَّةِ إنْ لم يُجَزْ له، والباقى للإِخْوَةِ. وإن وَصَّى لِعَصَبَتِه، فهو لمن يَرِثُه بالتَّعْصِيبِ في الجُمْلةِ، سواءٌ كانوا ممَّن يَرِثُ في الحالِ، أو لم يَكُنْ (١٩). ويُسَوَّى بين قَرِيبِهِم وبَعِيدِهم؛ لِشُمُولِ اللَّفظِ لهم. ولا خِلَافَ في أنهم لا يكونون من جِهَةِ الأُمِّ بحالٍ.
٩٨٠ - مسألة؛ قال: (وَإنْ قَالَ: لِأَهْلِ بَيْتِى. أُعْطِىَ مِنْ قِبَلِ أَبِيهِ وأُمِّهِ)
يعني تُعْطَى أُمُّه وأقاربُها، الأخوالُ، والخالاتُ، وَآباءُ أمه، وأوْلَادُهم، وكلُّ مَن يُعْرَفُ بِقَرَابتِه. والمَنْصُوصُ عن أحمدَ، فيما وَقَفْنَا عليه، التَّسْوِيَةُ بين هذا اللَّفْظِ ولَفْظِ القَرَابةِ، فإنَّه قال، في رِوَايةِ عبدِ اللَّه: إذا أَوْصَى بِثُلُثِ مالِه لأَهْلِ بَيْتِه، هو بمَثابةِ قولِه لِقَرَابَتِى. وحَكَاهُ ابنُ المُنْذِرِ، عن أحمدَ. وقال أحمدُ: قال النبيُّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "لَا تَحلُّ الصَّدَقَةُ لِى وَلَا لِأَهْلِ بَيْتِى" (١). فجَعَلَ سَهْمَ ذَوِى (٢) القُربَى لهم عِوَضًا عن (٣) الصَّدَقةِ التي حُرِّمَتْ عليهم، فكان ذَوُو القُرْبَى الذين سَمَّاهُم اللهُ تَعالى هم أهْلُ بَيْتِه الذين حُرِّمَتْ عليهم الصَّدَقَةُ. وذَكَرَ حَدِيثَ زَيْدِ بن أرْقَمَ، أنَّ النبيَّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-، قال: "أُذَكِّرُكُمُ اللهَ فِي أَهْلِ بَيْتِى". قال قُلْنا: مَن أهلُ بَيْتِه، نِسَاؤُه؟ قال: لا، أصْلُه وعَشِيرَتُه الذين حُرِّمَتْ عليهم الصَّدَقَةُ بَعْدَهُ (٤)؛ آلُ عَلِىٍّ، وآل عَقِيلٍ، وآل جَعْفَرٍ، وَآل العَبَّاسِ (٥). وقال القاضي: قال ثَعْلَبٌ: أهْلُ البَيْتِ عند العَرَبِ آبَاءُ
(١٩) في أ: "يرث".(١) تقدم تخريجه في: ٤/ ١٠٩.(٢) في م: "ذى".(٣) في الأصل، أ: "من".(٤) سقط من: م.(٥) أخرجه الدارمي، في: باب فضل من قرأ القرآن، من كتاب فضائل القرآن. سنن الدرامى ٣/ ٤٣٢ مختصرًا. والإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ٤/ ٣٦٧.
