in the Chapter of Wala' (clientage), if Allah the Almighty wills.
Section: As for the disbelievers, they do inherit from one another if their religion is the same. We know of no disagreement among the scholars regarding this. The saying of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "The Muslim does not inherit from the disbeliever," is evidence that some of them inherit from others. His saying, "People of two different religions do not inherit from one another," is evidence that the people of the same religion do inherit from one another. The saying of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "Has Aqil left us any house?" is evidence that Aqil inherited from Abu Talib to the exclusion of Ja'far and Ali, because they were both Muslims, while Aqil was upon the religion of his father, residing in Mecca, so he sold his houses in Mecca. Therefore, when it was said to the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "Where will you descend tomorrow?" he said, "Has Aqil left us any houses?" Umar also said regarding the paternal aunt of al-Ash'ath ibn Qays: "The people of her religion shall inherit from her." If their religions differ, there is disagreement narrated from Ahmad. It was narrated from him that disbelief in its entirety is a single religion, and they inherit from one another. This was narrated from him by Harb and chosen by al-Khallal. This is also the opinion of Hammad, Ibn Shubruma, Abu Hanifa, al-Shafi'i, and Dawud; because the inheritance of fathers from sons, and sons from fathers, is mentioned in the Book of Allah the Almighty as a general mention, so it is not to be abandoned except where the Sharia has made an exception, and that which the Sharia has not excluded remains upon its generality. Also, because the saying of Allah the Almighty, "And those who disbelieved are allies of one another," is general regarding all of them. It was also narrated from Ahmad that disbelief is various religions, and they do not inherit from one another. This was chosen by Abu Bakr, and it is the opinion of many scholars; because the saying of the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace), "People of two different religions do not inherit from one another," negates their mutual inheritance and specifies the generality of the Book. We have not heard from Ahmad any clarification regarding the categories of these religions. Judge Abu Ya'la said: Disbelief constitutes three religions: Judaism, Christianity, and the religion of others, because those others are gathered by the fact that they have no scripture. This is the opinion of Shurayh, 'Ata', Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, al-Dahhak, al-Hakam, al-Thawri,
(6) Its verification has preceded in: 6/365. (7) Meaning: the transmission. (8) Surat al-Anfal: 73.
فى بابِ الوَلاءِ، إنْ شاءَ اللَّه تَعالى.
فصل: فأمَّا الكُفَّارُ فيتوارَثونَ، إذا كان دينُهم واحدًا، لا نعلمُ بينَ أهْلِ العلم فيه خلافًا، وقولُ النّبىِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "لَا يَرِثُ الْمُسْلِمُ الْكَافِرَ" دليلٌ على أَنَّ بعْضَهم يَرِثُ بَعْضًا. وقولُه: "لَا يَتَوَارَثُ أهْلُ مِلَّتَيْن شَتَّى". دليلٌ على أنَّ أهلَ المِلّةِ الواحدةِ يَرِثُ بَعْضُهم بَعْضًا. وقولُ النّبِىِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "وهَلْ تَرَكَ لَنَا عَقِيلٌ مِنْ دَارٍ" (٦). دليلٌ عَلى أنّ عقيلًا وَرِثَ أبا طالبٍ دُونَ جَعْفرٍ، وعلىٍّ؛ لأنَّهما كانا مُسْلِميْنِ، وكان عَقِيلٌ عَلى دينِ أبيه، مُقيمًا بمكةَ، فباعَ رِباعَه بمكةَ، فلذلك لما قيل للنّبِىِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: أيْنَ تَنْزِلُ غَدًا؟ قال: "وهَلْ تَرَكَ لَنَا عَقِيلٌ مِنْ رِبَاعٍ" (٦). وقال عمرُ فى عمَّةِ الأشْعَثِ بنِ قَيْسٍ: يَرِثُها أهْلُ دينها. فإن اخْتَلَفَتْ أدْيانُهم، فاخْتَلَفَ (٧) عن أحمدَ، فرُوِىَ عنه، أَنَّ الكُفْرَ كُلَّه مِلّةٌ واحدَةٌ، يَرِثُ بعضُهم بَعْضًا. روَاه عنه حَرْبٌ، واخْتارَه الخَلَّالُ. وبه قال حَمادٌ، وابنُ شُبْرُمَةَ، وأبو حنيفةَ، والشَّافِعىُّ، وداودُ؛ لأنَّ تَوْريثَ الآباءِ من الأبْناءِ، والأبْناءِ من الآباءِ، مذكورٌ فى كتاب اللَّهِ تعالى ذِكْرًا عامًّا، فلا يُتْرَكُ إلَّا فيما اسْتَثْناه الشَّرعُ، وما لم يسْتَثْنِه الشَّرْعُ يَبْقَى على العُمومِ، ولأنَّ قولَ اللَّهِ تعالى: {وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا بَعْضُهُمْ أَوْلِيَاءُ بَعْضٍ} (٨). عامٌّ فى جميعِهم. ورُوِىَ عن أحمدَ، أَنَّ الكُفرَ مِلَلٌ مُخْتَلِفَةٌ، لا يَرِثُ بَعْضُهم بعضًا. اخْتارَه أبو بكرٍ، وهو قولُ كثيرٍ من أهْلِ العلمِ؛ لأنَّ قولَ النّبىِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-: "لَا يَتَوَارَثُ أَهْلُ مِلَّتَيْنِ شَتَّى". ينْفى تَوارُثَهما، ويخُصُّ عمومَ الكتابِ، ولم نَسْمَعْ عن أحمدَ تصريحًا بذكرِ أقْسامِ المِلَلِ. وقال القاضى أبو يَعْلى: الكُفرُ ثلاثُ مِلَلٍ: اليهوديَّةُ، والنَّصرانيَّةُ، ودينُ مَنْ عداهم؛ لأنَّ مَنْ عَداهم يجْمَعُهم أنَّهم لا كِتابَ لهم. وهذا قولُ شُرَيْحٍ، وعَطاءٍ، وعمرَ بنِ عبدِ العزيز، والضَّحَّاكِ، والحَكَمِ، والثَّوْرىِّ،
(٦) تقدم تخريجه فى: ٦/ ٣٦٥.(٧) أى النقل.(٨) سورة الأنفال ٧٣.
