Chapter on the People of Kinship (Dhawi al-Arham)
They are those relatives who have no fixed share (fard) and no entitlement to residuary inheritance (ta'sib). They consist of eleven categories: the children of daughters, the children of sisters, the daughters of brothers, the children of brothers through the mother, aunts from all sides, maternal uncles, maternal aunts, the paternal uncles from the mother's side, daughters of paternal uncles, the grandfather through the mother, and every grandmother who is related through a father between two mothers, or through a father higher than the grandfather. These individuals, and those who are related through them, are called the People of Kinship (Dhawi al-Arham).
Abu Abd Allah (Imam Ahmad) used to grant them inheritance if there was no person with a fixed share, no residuary heir (asaba), and no one among the heirs, except for the husband or the wife. This opinion was narrated from Umar, Ali, Abdullah (Ibn Mas'ud), Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, Mu'adh ibn Jabal, and Abu al-Darda', may Allah be pleased with them. This was also the view of Shurayh, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Ata', Tawus, Alqama, Masruq, and the people of Kufa. Zayd did not grant them inheritance and would assign the remainder to the Public Treasury (Bayt al-Mal). This is also the view of Malik, al-Awza'i, al-Shafi'i, Abu Thawr, Dawud, and Ibn Jarir; because Ata' ibn Yasar narrated that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, rode to Quba to seek Allah's guidance regarding the paternal aunt and the maternal aunt, and it was revealed to him that they have no inheritance. Sa'id narrated this in his "Sunan" (1). This is because the paternal aunt and the brother's daughter do not inherit alongside their two brothers, so they do not inherit alone, like non-relatives. This is because the joining of the brother to them confirms and strengthens them, evidenced by the fact that the son's daughters and sisters from the father are made residuaries (ta'sib) by their brother in what remains after the inheritance of the daughters and sisters from both parents, and they do not inherit alone. If these two do not inherit with their brother, then they are even less entitled to do so in his absence. Furthermore, inheritances are only established by explicit text (nass), and there is no text regarding these people.
(1) In: Bāb al-'Ammah wa al-Khālah (The Chapter of the Paternal and Maternal Aunt), al-Sunan 1/70. It was also recorded by al-Bayhaqi, in: Bāb man lā yarith min dhawī al-arhām (The Chapter on those among the People of Kinship who do not inherit), from Kitāb al-Farā'id (Book of Inheritance), al-Sunan al-Kubrā 6/212, 213. And al-Daraqutni, in: Kitāb al-Farā'id, Sunan al-Daraqutni 4/98. And al-Hakim, in: Bāb mīrāth al-'ammah wa al-khālah (The Chapter on the inheritance of the paternal and maternal aunt), from Kitāb al-Farā'id, al-Mustadrak 4/343. (2) In A: "kadhālik" (likewise). And in M: "wa li-dhālik" (and for that).
باب ذَوِى الأرْحام
وهم الأقارِبُ الذين لا فَرْضَ لهم ولا تَعْصِيبَ، وهم أحَدَ عَشَرَ حَيِّزًا؛ وَلَدُ الْبَناتِ، ووَلَدُ الْأَخَواتِ، وبناتُ الْإِخْوَةِ، ووَلَدُ الْإِخْوَةِ من الْأُمِّ، والعَمَّاتُ من جميع الجهاتِ، والْعَمُّ مِنَ الْأُمِّ، والْأَخْوالُ، والخالاتُ، وبنَاتُ الْأَعْمامِ، والْجَدُّ أبو الْأُمِّ، وكُلُّ جَدَّةٍ أَدْلَتْ بِأَبٍ بين أُمَّيْنِ، أو بأبٍ أعْلَى مِن الْجَدِّ. فهؤلاءِ، ومَنْ أَدْلَى بهم، يُسَمَّوْنَ ذَوِى الْأَرْحامِ. وكان أبو عبدِ اللهِ يُوَرِّثُهم إذا لم يكُنْ ذُو فَرْضٍ، وَلَا عَصَبَةٌ، ولا أَحَدٌ من الوُرَّاثِ، إلَّا الزَّوْجَ، والزَّوْجَةَ. رُوِىَ هذا القَوْلُ عَنْ عمرَ، وعلىٍّ، وعبدِ اللهِ، وأبى عُبَيْدَةَ بنِ الجَرّاحِ، ومُعاذِ بن جَبلٍ، وأبى الدَّرْدَاءِ، رَضِيَ اللَّه عنهم. وبه قال شُرَيْحٌ، وعمرُ بن عبد العزيز، وعَطاءٌ، وطاوُسٌ، وعَلْقَمَةُ، ومَسْرُوقٌ، وأَهْلُ الكُوفَةِ. وكان زَيْدٌ لا يُوَرِّثُهم، ويَجْعَلُ الباقىَ لِبَيْتِ المالِ. وبه قال مَالِكٌ، والأَوْزَاعِىُّ، والشَّافِعِىُّ، وأبو ثَوْرٍ، وداوُدُ، وابنُ جَرِيرٍ؛ لِأَنَّ عطاءَ بن يَسَارٍ رَوَى أنَّ رسولَ اللَّه -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- رَكِبَ إلى قُبَاءَ يَسْتَخِيرُ اللهَ تعالى في العَمَّةِ والْخَالَةِ، فأُنْزِلَ عليه أَنْ لا مِيراثَ لهما. روَاه سعيدٌ، في "سُنَنِهِ" (١)؛ لأنَّ العَمَّةَ، وابْنةَ الْأَخِ لا تَرِثانِ مع أَخَوَيْهِما، فلا تَرِثان مُنفَرِدَتَيْنِ، كالْأَجْنَبِيّات. وذلك (٢) لِأَنَّ انْضِمَامَ الْأَخِ إليهِما يُؤَكِّدُهما ويُقَوِّيهِما، بدَلِيلِ أنَّ بناتِ الابنِ، والْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأَبِ، يَعْصِبُهُنَّ أَخُوهُنَّ فيما بَقِىَ بعدَ مِيرَاثِ الْبَنَاتِ والْأَخَوَاتِ مِنَ الْأَبَوَيْنِ، ولا يَرِثْنَ مُنْفَرِداتٍ، فإذا لم يَرِثْ هاتانِ مع أَخِيهِما، فمع عَدَمِهِ أَوْلَى. ولِأَنَّ المَوَارِيثَ إنَّما تَثْبُتُ نَصًّا، ولا نَصَّ في
(١) في: باب العمة والخالة. السنن ١/ ٧٠.كما أخرجه البيهقي، في: باب من لا يرث من ذوى الأرحام، من كتاب الفرائض. السنن الكبرى ٦/ ٢١٢، ٢١٣. والدارقطني، في: كتاب الفرائض. سنن الدارقطني ٤/ ٩٨. والحاكم، في: باب ميراث العمة والخالة، من كتاب الفرائض. المستدرك ٤/ ٣٤٣.(٢) في أ: "كذلك". وفي م: "ولذلك".
