“So by mercy from Allah, you were lenient with them.” That is: by a mercy from Allah and His pleasure, and the word (mā) is an extra connective particle. “And had you been rude, harsh in heart, they would have dispersed from about you; so pardon them.” He commanded him to pardon them regarding what does not impose upon them a legal ruling or a fixed punishment (hadd). “And ask forgiveness for them, and consult them in the matter.” Allah commanded him to consult his companions in affairs, because it is more pleasant for the souls of the people, and when people consult one another and intend by that the Countenance of Allah, Allah determines for them the most righteous course. [Verses 160-163]