[O Messenger, let not those who hasten into disbelief grieve you, from among those who say, "We believe" with their mouths, but their hearts have not believed] (5:41). They are the hypocrites. He says: Let not their disbelief grieve you, for that will not harm you; its harm is only upon them.

Then He said: [And among the Jews are listeners to falsehood, listeners to other people who have not come to you. They distort words from their proper places, saying] (5:41), meaning: those who have not come to you say: [If you are given this, take it; but if you are not given it, then beware. And he for whom Allah intends fitnah] (5:41), meaning: his misguidance, [to the extent of His saying: For them in the world is disgrace] (5:41), meaning: the jizyah (tribute).

Qatadah said:

This concerned a person killed from Banu Qurayzah, whom the Banu al-Nadir had killed. It was a case of intentional killing. Whenever the Banu al-Nadir killed someone from Qurayzah, they would not grant them the qisas (retaliation in kind) but would pay them the blood money (diyah). But when the Banu Qurayzah killed someone from the Banu al-Nadir, they would not be satisfied with anything less than qisas. They remained upon this until the Prophet of Allah arrived in Medina, following their killing incident. They wanted to take the matter to him so that he would judge between them. A man from the hypocrites said to them: "Your victim was killed intentionally, and if you take this matter to Muhammad, I fear that he will impose qisas upon you. If he accepts the blood money from you, then fine, otherwise, be on your guard against him." Then Allah revealed this verse.

Surah Al-Ma'idah, from verse (42) to verse (43).