Book of Usurpation (Ghasb)
Usurpation (Ghasb) is the taking hold of another person's property without right. It is prohibited by the Book [Quran], the Sunnah, and Consensus (Ijma'). As for the Book, it is the saying of Allah the Exalted: "O you who have believed, do not consume one another's wealth unjustly but only [in lawful] business by mutual consent" (Quran 4:29). And His saying: "And do not consume one another's wealth unjustly or send it [in bribery] to the rulers in order that [they might aid] you [to] consume a portion of the wealth of the people in sin, while you know [it is unlawful]" (Quran 2:188). And His saying: "[As for] the thief, the male and the female, amputate their hands in recompense for what they committed" (Quran 5:38). Theft is a type of usurpation. As for the Sunnah, Jabir narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said in his sermon on the Day of Sacrifice: "Indeed, your blood and your wealth are sacred, with the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this land of yours." Narrated by Muslim and others. From Sa'id ibn Zayd, he said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) say: "Whoever takes a span of land unjustly, he will be shackled with it from seven earths." Agreed upon. Abu Hurra al-Raqashi narrated from his uncle and 'Amr ibn Yathribi, from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), that he said: "The wealth of a Muslim is not lawful except by his own good pleasure." Narrated by Abu Ishaq al-Juzajani. The Muslims have reached a consensus on the prohibition of usurpation in general, and they only
(1) Surah An-Nisa, 29. (2) Surah Al-Baqarah, 188. (3) Surah Al-Ma'idah, 38. (4) Its verification has preceded in 5/156. (5) Narrated by Al-Bukhari, in: The Chapter on the Sin of One Who Usurps Anything of the Land, from the Book of Oppressions (Al-Mazalim). And in: The Chapter on What Has Been Related Regarding the Seven Earths, from the Book of the Beginning of Creation. Sahih Al-Bukhari 3/170, 4/130. And Muslim, in: The Chapter on the Prohibition of Oppression and the Usurpation of Land and Others, from the Book of Sharecropping (Al-Musaqat) 3/1230, 1232. It was also narrated by Al-Darimi, in: The Chapter on Whoever Takes a Span of Land, from the Book of Transactions. Sunan Al-Darimi 2/267. And Imam Ahmad, in: The Musnad 1/187-190. (6) Its verification has preceded in 6/606.
كِتابُ الغَصْبِ
الغَصْبُ: هو الاسْتِيلَاءُ على مالِ غيرِه بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ. وهو مُحَرَّمٌ بالكِتَابِ والسُّنَّةِ والإِجْمَاعِ. أمَّا الكِتَابُ فقولُ اللَّه تعالى: {يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ إِلَّا أَنْ تَكُونَ تِجَارَةً عَنْ تَرَاضٍ مِنْكُمْ} (١). وقولُه تعالى: {وَلَا تَأْكُلُوا أَمْوَالَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَاطِلِ وَتُدْلُوا بِهَا إِلَى الْحُكَّامِ لِتَأْكُلُوا فَرِيقًا مِنْ أَمْوَالِ النَّاسِ بِالْإِثْمِ وَأَنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ} (٢). وقوله تعالى: {وَالسَّارِقُ وَالسَّارِقَةُ فَاقْطَعُوا أَيْدِيَهُمَا جَزَاءً بِمَا كَسَبَا} (٣). والسَّرِقَةُ نَوْعٌ مِن الغَصْبِ. وأمَّا السُّنَّةُ، فرَوَى جابِرٌ، أنَّ رسولَ اللهِ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- قال في خُطْبَتِه يوم النَّحْرِ: "إنَّ دِمَاءَكُمْ وأَمْوَالَكُمْ حَرَامٌ، كَحُرْمَةِ يَوْمِكُم هذَا فِي شَهْرِكُمْ هذَا، فِي بَلَدِكُمْ هذَا". رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ، وغيرُه (٤). وعن سَعِيدِ بن زَيْدٍ قال: سَمِعْتُ رسولَ اللهِ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم- يقول: "مَنْ أخَذَ شِبْرًا مِنَ الأَرْضِ ظُلْمًا، طُوِّقَهُ مِنْ سَبْع أَرَضِينَ". مُتَّفَقٌ عليه (٥). ورَوَى أبو حُرَّة الرَّقاشيُّ، عن عَمِّه وعَمْرِو بن يَثْربِيٍّ، عن النبيِّ -صلى اللَّه عليه وسلم-، أنَّه قال: "لَا يَحِلُّ مَالُ امْرِىءٍ مُسْلِمٍ، إلَّا بِطِيبِ نَفْسٍ مِنْهُ". رَوَاهُ أبو إِسحاقَ الجُوزَجَانِيُّ (٦). وأجْمَعَ المُسْلِمُونَ على تَحْرِيمِ الغَصْبِ في الجُمْلَةِ، وإنَّما
(١) سورة النساء ٢٩.(٢) سورة البقرة ١٨٨.(٣) سورة المائدة ٣٨.(٤) تقدم تخريجه في: ٥/ ١٥٦.(٥) أخرجه البخاري، في: باب إثم من ظلم شيئًا من الأرض، من كتاب المظالم. وفي: باب ما جاء في سبع أرضين، من كتاب بدء الخلق. صحيح البخاري ٣/ ١٧٠، ٤/ ١٣٠. ومسلم، في: باب تحريم الظلم وغصب الأرض وغيرها، من كتاب المساقاة ٣/ ١٢٣٠، ١٢٣٢.كما أخرجه الدارمي، في: باب من أخذ شبرًا من الأرض، من كتاب البيوع. سنن الدارمي ٢/ ٢٦٧. والإِمام أحمد، في: المسند ١/ ١٨٧ - ١٩٠.(٦) تقدم تخريجه في: ٦/ ٦٠٦.
